FORMAT OF LIBRARY INFORMATION MATERIALS

The fundamental purpose of library is to acquire process, store, preserve and disseminate information in all its varied forms to meet user’s needs. Formerly large part of the collection was formed by print (handwritten) materials, but today’s libraries include a variety of material print and non- print sources.

Why do we need a variety of resources in the library? These varieties of media have been included in libraries because their characteristics enable library users to acquire information according to his or her; own ability, interest and needs.

Types of library materials:

Information acquired by users appears in a variety of formats such as: books, serials, maps, compact disks, etc. 

These formats are collectively called information packages or information carrier.

The broad categories of information formats are:-

PRINT MEDIA: These are printed texts and they include books, pamphlets, serials, etc.

MANUSCRIPT: these are handwritten or transcript of any kind (Boadi, 1988). They include letters, minutes of meetings.

CARTOGRAPHIC MEDIA: These are geographical references sources of information. These are materials representing the whole or part of the earth surface or any celestial body at any surface. They include two and three dimensional objects such as Atlas, globes and plans

Map is a flat representative of a whole or part of the earth surface and celestial bodies.

Types of maps.

Political maps are the one that shows the government boundaries of the states or countries

Physical maps are that shows physical features such as mountains, rivers, valleys, plateaus, etc

Thematic maps are the one that shows theme oriented.

Additional

Topical map it shows the vegetation, population, economic activities of a place.

Globes: It is similar to a map, but this one appears in a spherical shape representing the whole or part of the earth surface or celestial body. I t has also categories under maps.

Plan: Is a drawing of a building, bridge, etc. Its includes; measurements, layout of walls, windows, etc

GRAPHIC MEDIA

This is the generic term for; photographs, drawings, charts, postcards, posters, slides, filmstrips, realia, transparencies, etc. Those which can be viewed without projectors are; photographs, drawings charts, posters, and poster cards. Those projected without motion by means of optical devices are: filmstrips, slides and transparencies.

Picture; embraces photographs, paintings, drawings and posters

Realia; real objects example games, puzzle, specimen, toys, models.

Photograph; an image of an object taken by the use of electronic gadgets such as camera.

Filmstrip; a series of photographic films, each frame is single frame which can be projected independently.

AUDIO RECORDINGS

Are the information materials/carriers with pre- recorded sound vibrations. Also called sound recordings, they are recorded in sound discs, sound cassette, tape real, gramophone records CD and they need devices such as radio, record player, etc.

AUDIO- VISUAL MEDIA

They offer materials which can be seen and heard. Offer sound image and text,

MICROFORMS

A term used to describe materials which have been photographed or filmed in a miniature size. Microforms appear as; microfiche, microfilm, micro card and also they require special viewing devices. Materials appear in microform to reduce degree of deterioration and as backup.

DIGITAL MEDIA

Materials created, stored, manipulated and used in electronic format. They are stored in electronic devices such as; floppy disks, flashes USB, CD, CD-ROM, computer files and internet resources such as database.

Know how to adhere when you enter in the library building for the first time

B y Nihuka Jr.
The library is a source of information. You will find out about many subjects in the library. You will find books and other resources to help you complete school assignments. The library is a place or room or building which is used to preserve information, lending out books and other materials, reading as well as refreshment.

When your first visit the library, introduce yourself to the librarian. The librarian can teach you how to use the library and show you where to find information you need.

A library uses a catalog to keep track of the entire book and other materials that it owns. Some catalogs are on paper cards. They are kept in boxes or drawers. Other catalogs are on computers. A computer catalog is very easy to use. A catalog list books by subject, title and author. If you are writing report on bears, look in the catalog under the word bear. It will list all the books in the library about bears.

You also can find information in many subjects in an encyclopedia. You are using encyclopedia about some subject. You can use the index like a library catalog. Look up a topic in the index. It will tell you which page you read. There are large encyclopedias that have information about all subjects. If you want information on topics other than science, look in general encyclopedia.

KNOW THE BRIEF HISTORICAL OF THE KIUMA LIBRARY

The library

T

he library is a source of information. You will find out about many subjects in the library. You will find books and other resources to help you complete school assignments. The library is a place or room or building which is used to preserve information, lending out books and other materials, reading as well as refreshment.

When your first visit the library, introduce yourself to the librarian. The librarian can teach you how to use the library and show you where to find information you need.

A library uses a catalog to keep track of the entire book and other materials that it owns. Some catalogs are on paper cards. They are kept in boxes or drawers. Other catalogs are on computers. A computer catalog is very easy to use. A catalog list books by subject, title and author. If you are writing report on bears, look in the catalog under the word bear. It will list all the books in the library about bears.

You also can find information in many subjects in an encyclopedia. You are using encyclopedia about some subject. You can use the index like a library catalog. Look up a topic in the index. It will tell you which page you read. There are large encyclopedias that have information about all subjects. If you want information on topics other than science, look in general encyclopedia.

These multifarious activities at KIUMA inevitably precipitated the need for a library to cater for the information needs of the KIUMA community (staff and students). The director of the centre, conscious of this information vacuum, employed a seasoned professional Librarian in June 2005. The Director consequently maintained a steady acquisition of books for the library on various disciplines, which have served as a nucleus to the envisaged larger library. A year has elapsed since the librarian commenced work in the KIUMA library, virtually starting from scratch. This period has witnessed the organization of the books collection as behaves a library. Readers are now benefiting from the resources therein. Now, KIUMA libraries employ two library staff one is librarian and library staff.

Aims of the KIUMA library

The principle aims of KIUMA library is to satisfy the educational, spiritual and recreational needs of teachers, students and other staff as well as stakeholders at the KIUMA institution. It will accomplish this task by providing appropriate learning materials and other information relevant to the course of syllabi and other activities at the institution in the form of books, journals, audio- visuals and computer services.

The KIUMA library is the centre of learning and knowledge creation to students, teachers and other stakeholders who use the library for learning, lending, recreational as well as packaging and repackaging information sources and services.

KIUMA library aimed at preserving information resources to carter user’s needs, these information resources are like books, journals, periodical articles and alike. The library is the centre of knowledge creation to its users. There are two libraries at KIUMA institution these are KIUMA main library comprises information resources of vocational education training authority(VETA), Teachers training college(TTC), bible learners, and secondary school learning materials. And also there is nursing library which consist of the information resources for nursing courses as well as clinical officers courses.

In addition, there are about 10,000 collections in both libraries (Main and Nursing) including books and journals. There is enough of furniture which support users need in general.

Functions of KIUMA library

Below are the functions foreseen to this information center, these includes;

Ø  Selection of learning materials

The library in coordination with teachers/tutors from the each course discipline at KIUMA institution will suggest relevant books or journals and through librarian forward them to relevant authority for purchasing.

The librarian will liaise with other libraries and institutions to solicit for books/journals donations to KIUMA where possible.

Ø  Organizing Learning Materials

On receipt of books/journals through purchase or donation the librarian will;

·       Print the properly stamp on the fly-leaf of the books and journals

·       Record the particulars of each book in the accession register, writing the accession number of each book.

·       Past within the book the necessary loan stationary i.e. date due label, book pocket, ‘ reference only’ and a spine label on the book spine

·       Classify and catalogue the items

·       Places new copies on display before shelving them

·       Shelve books and new journals

·       Place guides to show the location of each book on the shelve

Ø  Materials lending systems

·       The librarian will initiate a book/journal lending system. In some library issuing out books is done by using counter book where you register date/ name of borrower and the date of return.

·       This system is feasible in small school library which is not likely to grow rapidly in both relationship and book stock.

·       For the KIUMA institution it is recommended that the card system(Browse) of lending books be adapted early so as to avoid heavy workload which will evolve from the inevitable change from the counter book in use now, to the browse system(which is universal)

-The Browse system is the most ideal as it is anticipated that the library will grow rapidly commensurate with the expansion of the institution’s activities.

Hence, the need for stationary listed below;-

·       Book pocked and book card

·       Borrower’s card

·       Date due label

·       Readers membership card

·       Spine label.

Ø  Library statistics

·       The librarian will keep statistics of daily book issues. This will be done by subject to show which subject area is consulted most and which is not used at all. This serve as indicator in the stock weeding process

·       Keep statistics of daily users

This is a record of staff and students who visit the library daily (each day).

Equipment (Furniture)

The main library has 10 shelves which were used for shelving books. However, these shelves were not purpose built. They were originally used for storing pharmaceutical items at the KIUMA hospital. The library has seen the construction of a medium size shelf for holding reference materials and small card catalog cabinet. There are 4 tables, 4 benches and 4 chairs used by the librarian and students who intermittently come to the library for reading and/or leisure. And there are 4 tables for supporting duplicated and/or weeded boxed books for storing library facilities as well. The library hasn’t printer and computer for processing and storing bibliographic entries of cards catalog, library lack processing materials such as manila sheet for card catalog, maintaining book cards and alike.

At KIUMA nursing library there are one table for librarian and other three long tables for library users, and there are 20 chairs for both library staff and library users. Also nursing library has 6 shelves for placing library books, serials and journal articles. In nursing library there are a lot of library resources which carter user’s need and have a large collection, full electricity supply as well as water for cleaning the library surrounding and flowers irrigation. But there are many challenges as you know every institution must face certain challenges and librarian with library staff support for top department we combat these challenges for the sake of fulfilling users’ needs.

Main Library stock

Ø  Library books

The main library has a total of 7,657 books on the shelves. The books represent the following disciplines: Accountancy, Agriculture, Algebra, Animal husbandry, Architecture, Biology, Botany, Business management, Carpentry, Chemistry, Economics, Health sciences, History, Library sciences, Mechanical and Electrical engineering, English language, civics, Psychology, Religion, Sociology and Computer science.

The main library also has 2 complete sets each of Encyclopedia Britannica and the World Book. There is also a variety of English and Swahili Dictionaries.  These have all been processed and are on the shelves ready for reader consultation. This wealth of literary information housed in the library, is a precious and dynamic reservoir for motivating development and socio-economic change in southern Tanzania.

Ø  Text books

The books are on the subjects taught at KIUMA Secondary school, Vocational Education Training Centre, Teachers Training College, and Bible learners. They are essentially meant for teachers and students. They are kept separately from the library books mentioned above. They books borrowed by the teachers and students who may in turn make them available to the users concerned. The books stock has grown mainly through purchases and donations by the Director of the institution. We anticipate more donation from WHO (Dar Es salaam) and Tanzania Library Services Board (TLSB), who have agreed to include KIUMA in their mailing lists in their donations programmes.

Ø  Periodicals

The library has no magazine arrived daily but has a journal articles in the shelves.

Main Library services

Ø  Opening days/hours

For the whole of the last years the library opened immediately after the morning devotions i.e 8:30am to 1:00pm; and 2:00pm to 5:00pm, Monday to Friday. But now the library opens at 7:30am to 10:00am and 11:00am to 4:30pm, Monday to Friday.

Ø  Readers visiting the library

Both staff and students visit the library daily. And there are too many numbers of books available in the library for users, but some books borrowed daily are for Advanced level students and VTC students. The challenge hinder the library is unusable some of the books due to oldness, most of the books available are mathematics, accounting, agriculture and business management so these books are unusable to students, other books are usable to users but timetable constraint hinder them to visit library at time.

Ø  Loans for home reading

Books loans were given to both students and staff members as well. A maximum of one book at a time for a period of two weeks (14 days) but to teachers and hospital staff members are able to take two books whenever possible for teaching and those pursuing the continuing education classes.

Ø  Library Information update

The library introduced a library Notice board for posting any pertinent information to readers. It has become attraction to students and staff alike. For instance library rules and regulations, lending procedures as well as how to find or locate books on a shelves and alike.

 Activities conducted in the library

Ø  Classification and cataloguing

Classification is the systematic process of classifying and arranging library books and serial publications according to the order so that the users can retrieve and/ or search and locate the books or serials easily without wasting time to users. In the library the books must be arranged correctly without interrupting entire arrangement, the library collection the books and serials are arranged by using numerical notation with its first three letters of author’s surname for easily finding and/or locating books in the shelves. Whereas, cataloguing is the systematic process of making catalogue of books and serials for arranging a collection according to subject, author and title of the book concerned. Library collection must be arranged by numerical notation (classification) followed by three letters of author’s names (cataloguing) as well.

Books are classified using the Dewey decimal classification (DDC) scheme, which is a        hierarchical in nature.

Ø  Lending services

This is the act of staff and students to take fiction (story books) and non- fiction (subject books) books away from the library in other word borrow them for a set time to read or study on their own. Library lending system is guided by librarian and library staff, the users enter in the library to borrow some books other come to either read of leisure or refreshment only this because library is a room or building which have a collection of books and other materials for study or refreshment or read and alike.

Ø  Reference services

In the library there must have reference services section for the sake of referencing books and other library materials. The reference books are like encyclopedia, dictionary, atlas books, world books, and soon. These books are for reference only not for lending out of the library, the users borrow there reference books to read in the library only and do not allowed taking out of the library without librarian’s permission.

Ø  Accessioning

Every volume added to the library receives a serial number in the order of acquisition to the library collection. This includes books purchased or received in exchange or gift. This is number is called accession number. Accumulated volumes of periodicals, which are to be bounded and preserved in the library, are also accessioned. 

Ø  Stamping

This is the act of stamping books and other library materials for the sake of reducing theft and losing of these library collections. Every book and other serial publications received by the librarian must be stamped and the stamp must be unique from other department.

Ø  Book pocketing and maintaining books cards

This is the process and method of maintaining book cards and every book must have its own card for the sake of uniqueness from other book and preventing book lost as well as book theft at large. This act is conducted by technical service division in the library but in the KIUMA library is conducted by the librarian at the technical table.

Ø  Packaging and Repackaging of information sources and services

Information can be packaged original written and if the information is copied and/or paraphrased is called repackaging. These services are obtained in the library as well. Just welcome to enjoy it.

By Adimu Nihuka Jr – (Librarian and information analyst at KIUMA Library)

@December 8, 2017

DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME (DDC)

By Adimu Nihuka Jr

DDC was devised or published by Melvil Dewey who was born at Adams centre, New York in 1851. He graduated from Amherst in 1874, he served as editor of the library journal. He published first edition of DDC in 1876 also he served as a librarian at Columbia university. He was a dynamic man and advocated for standardization of library procedures, techniques, tools, and equipment as well as education. Equipments are like chairs, tables, shelves and other which are located in the library and used until this decade. Also he was advocated for spelling reform, these spellings are like organization, but he write it as organization.

His full name Melvil Le Louis Kusorth Dewey, he shortened his forename to Melvil dropped his two names and even attempted to change the spelling of his surname to DUI. Throughout his career promoted librarianship by his teaching, writing, and speaking. In 1931 death of Dewey.

BASIC PLAN OF DDC

DDC is both the oldest and the most widely used scheme all over the world. DDC is hierarchical classification scheme proceeding from general to the most specific, and the basic arrangement is by discipline and the specific subject may occurs in any number of classification. For instance;

000-Generalia

100-Psychology and Philosophy

200-Religion

300-Social science

400-Lnguage

500-Pure science and Mathematics

600-Technology

700-The arts

800-Literature

900-Geography and History

This is due to the fact that each aspect of specific subject would go into different discipline, a work on “family”. For example;

173-Family relationship

241.63-Christian family ethics

808.8-Marriage and family

796-Sport for family

Also any discipline must be related to other subject discipline for example the above word “family” you can get too many subjects. There are some subject disciplines which can be located at any discipline it is mostly “neutral subject disciplines”.

The universe of knowledge is divided into ten main classes. These main classes are; 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.

First degree of classification

0-Generalia class

1-Philosophy and Psychology

2-Religion

3-Social science

4-Language

5-Pure sciences and Mathematics

6-Technology

7-The arts

8-Literature, Rhetoric, Bulletins, Letters, etc

9-History and Geography

But in the practice, the notation may consist of at least three digits. This is achieved by adding ‘zeroes” with its normal arithmetical value, so that the number becomes three digits. Gap filler is a process of adding one digit to the main class which has only two digits in order to get three digits.

Thus practically the universe of knowledge has been divided into ten main classes as; 000, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, and 900.

The above main class indicated that each main class represents either broad discipline or group of related disciplines. . However, this is not true of the 000 class. This class includes varied subjects such as bibliographies, catalogs, computer science, general encyclopedia and general serials, both above cannot be considered as related discipline.

Each main class is divided into ten divisions. The divisions are the second degree of subdivision in the classification. For example; 722 the underlined digit represents division. In the division there are approximately 100 divisions, these are numbered 0- 9 and occupy the second position in the notation. Division “0” is allocated for the general works on the entire main class and 1- 9 used for subclass of the main class thereof. For example; 700 is used for general work of the Arts. The Arts are classified as follows;

700-The Arts

710-Civil and landscape

720-Architect

730-Plastic arts scripture

740-Drawing, decorative and minor arts

750-Painting

760-Graphic arts print

770-Photography and photographs

780-Music

790-Recreational and performing arts

Each division is divided into ten sections numbered form 0 to 9. A section is a third degree of subdivision of classification. In the sections there are approximately 1000 sections as follows;

720-Archtecture

721-Archtectural construction

722-Ancient architecture

723-Medical architecture

724-Modern architecture

725-Public structure

726-Building for religious purpose

727-Building for educational purpose

728-Residential buildings

729-Design and decoration

DECIMAL SYSTEM

As a name connote, DDC is a decimal classification system, its uses decimal to specify subject terms that are specific which are probably results in digits of long numbers. This allows a number to be expanded indefinitely. A decimal point (dot) it follows the third digit in a class number, the dot is not a decimal point in the real mathematical sense but is a psychology pause to break the monotony of the numerical digits and to ease the transcription and copying of the class number. A number should never end with a “0” to the right of the decimal point. That is; 780 you may write it 78. And digit should never be less than three to the left of the decimal point, that is; -27.678 you should be write it 272.678.

Tracking lost or stolen phone IMEI number

By Adimu Nihuka Jr
Today I would like to share with you on how to track IMEI of lost or stolen phone. As we know that IMEI is an abbreviation of international mobile equipment identity, this is an identity which can identify mobile phone using for. Every mobile phone has its unique IMEI number for identifying between device and device thereof.

The following bellow are the steps of tracking an IMEI of lost or stolen mobile phone including those smartphone;

• You ought to remember or know your gmail and password for more information on how to track your lost or stolen IMEI phone.
• Enter to this link www.google.com/settings/dashboard then sign in your gmail and password which you signed in in your lost or stolen phone.
• Click on Dashboard
• Scroll down to see the word "Android" and click on it
• After clicking on android, your IMEI number (s) will be seen. And if your signed in using too many mobile phones your IMEIs will be listed here and you can choose IMEI number which based on your lost or stolen phone model number related. 
• Already see your IMEI of lost or stolen mobile phone? Just leave a comment bellow for more information

How to insert video in Microsoft word document?

By Adimu Nihuka Jr
In this decade most of the people goes through technological advancing, so they would like to know more and more about technology. Today I wanna share with you on how to insert video (s) or musics  in Microsoft word document. Follow the bellow steps to fulfill your need;

Step by step guide:-
First: Open Microsoft word document and click in insert tab
Second: Click object from text tool group and hit on from file you want.
Third: Click on browser, after that the pop-up window will opens then choose video or music you want to insert in the document.
Fourth: Choose video you want to appears then hit tick in the word display at icon.
Fifth: Click OK
Already done!!!!!
Leave a comment bellow for more assistance.

Note; If you want to play saved videos or musics in Microsoft word document double- click in video or music icon.

Aptitude mathematics Quiz

Question;
One year ago a man was four times as old as his son. After 6 years, his age exceeds twice his son's age by 9 years. Find the present ages

Father with her daughter

Brief introduction about KIUMA institution

By Adimu Nihuka Jr- KIUMA Librarian

KIUMA (Kituo cha Ufundi na Maendeleo) is a voluntary church institution. It is situated in Matemanga Division, Tunduru District in Ruvuma Region, Tanzania. It was founded in 1998. Its inception was the brainchild of the pioneer Dr.M. K. Matomora, the present incumbent Director. The prime goal of the institution was to transform for the better the lives of the people of Tunduru District who are still lagging behind in the socio-economic development, in comparison with other Regions in the country.

KIUMA VETA Dominatories

To achieve this goal, KIUMA set out to establish educational and health facilities in the forms of a Vocational Training Centre, comprising courses in Carpentry, Masonry, Tailoring, Electrical engineering, Motor vehicle engineering and Metal work. Established also were a farmers training centre, a secondary school (starts form I to VI), Teachers’ Training Centre and  a Nursing Training centre which is due to take  off shortly and expected to open Clinical Officers Centre. There is also a fully operational hospital with a bedding capacity of 64 patients. All these services are highly subsidized, so that the targeted population can benefit from them.  

In addition, KIUMA institution is the Non- Governmental Organization (NGO) located in southern zone of Tanzania in Ruvuma region, Tunduru District. This institution is located at Matemanga ward Milonde village for the sake of developing Tunduru District and/or his dwellers and others surrounding districts and Dr. Matomora K. Matomora is acted as a Director.  

KIUMA institution is established under the aid of Word & Deed Mission of Germany which headed by the late Professor Deichmann. Word & Deed mission is the company dealing with provision of aids to problematic areas all over the world in spiritual ways. And, also KIUMA mission is the beneficiary of aids from this mission. In KIUMA institution firstly built a church known as church of love and Christ messiah which deals with helping spiritual people based on GOD wills through worship and gospels, and even build hospital, secondary school, vocational college, school of nursing, Teachers college and soon expecting to open clinical officers college at KIUMA.

Also, KIUMA libraries established under secondary school and Vocational Education and Training Authority and after built Nursing school they decided to open its own Nursing library which has a collections based on their courses of syllabi. After that the institution dominates community hospital, Teachers college, as well as nursery school for children and soon expected to open clinical officers’ college.  

Problems of Security Management in Academic libraries and how to curb it

Library security management has to do with taking necessary measures to ensure that the materials available for use in the library are kept in a good condition and prevented from being stolen. Security management is the identification of an organization's assets (including information assets), followed by the development, documentation, and implementation of policies and procedures for protecting these assets. (Wikipedia)

Afolabi (1993) also added that “damages are caused by library users, insects and other animals and also by climatic conditions including hazards, she emphasized that recent studies have indicated that the greatest agent that deface books and cause wear and tear on library materials are human beings which are library users/ patrons”.

Lorenzen (1996) also observes that “collection mutilation takes many forms, ranging from underlining and highlighting text, tearing and or removing pages, and tampering with the content.

Lorenzen identifies several causes for mutilation, including: Students' dissatisfaction or unfamiliarity with library services, lack of knowledge of replacement costs and time, lack of concern for the needs of others and few students think of library mutilation and theft as a crime”.

Abifarin (1997) contributed that “students steal or mutilate library materials because of the following reasons: Scarcity of library materials, selfishness on the part of some students, financial constraint as well as high cost of learning materials”

Nwalo (2003) also asserted that, “a major problem encountered in library security is that the security department of the parent body (in the case of academic and special libraries) insists on providing security personnel for the library. These security men are loyal to the security department and not to the library authority. This situation makes it difficult for the librarian to control security matters in his library as his orders may be flouted”

Image shows university library

Measures to curb these security breaches in Academic libraries

Security is a way of life. Security is to ensure the safety of records and archival materials against human and natural agent. Constant vigilance on the part of library staff may help to secure library materials.

According to Encyclopedia (1981), quoted by Adamu (2006), “security refers to device designed to guard library materials against crime, accident, disasters, fire and attacks”. Aina (2004) added that, “library materials must be safe; hence security devices need to be provided by library to ensure that materials are not stolen or mutilated”.

Abifarin (1997), Allen (1997) and Bello (1998) reported high rate of book theft, mutilation and misplacing of books in Nigerian academic libraries. They suggested measures to reduce the problems, which include tightening security at library entrances and exits, expulsion of students involved in theft and mutilation, provision of multiple copies of heavily used text, reducing the cost of photocopying, and periodic searching of students’ hostels and staff.

Aguolu (2000) “observed that the best protection that a collection of books and non-book materials can have is a concrete building”. Also Rajendra (2005) opened that the “library security should be planned when the library building is constructed wherever possible, through architectural considerations which include the site design and building design”.

Nwamefor (1974) cited by Nwalo (2003) asserted that, the following measures could help to reduce the rate of books theft in the library. Which include the following: Constant supervision, unannounced searching of student’s hostels, posting security personnel of integrity to the library, condemnation of theft through mass media, vigilant against mutilation by library staff, better educated security men to detect stolen books through thorough physical examination of books as well as all library windows should be gauzed to make it very difficult for books to be thrown out.

McComb (2004) stated that video surveillance and closed-circuit television (CCTV) systems serve as a way to monitor and record security, deter crime, and ensure safety. The author suggest that, libraries can use CCTV to identify visitors and employees, monitor work areas, deter theft, and ensure the security of the premises and other facilities. The system can also be used to monitor and record evidence on clientele and employee misconduct. In the same vein Ramana (2010) contributed that “Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) uses in the libraries can enhance the ability to control the book thefts and tearing off the pages from the books and magazin

Security Management in University libraries

The aim of university libraries is to provide access to information resources in both print and non-print formats. Balancing access and security in libraries is a difficult but a necessary task. A number of studies have described how crimes and security breaches incidences can affect the provision of library services to users. Tengio (2011) and Kapaya(2008) identified several such incidents, non-return of items by borrowers, theft of library equipment, personal theft (from staff and users), verbal and physical abuse against staff and users, and vandalism against library buildings, equipment and stock destruction, all of which can directly or indirectly affects the provision of library services (Ewing 1994).
Image shows University library

Similarly, Lorenzen (1996) reported how different forms of collection mutilation such as underlining and highlighting text in library books, tearing and/ or removing pages of books and annotating in books margins can temper with the subject-content of library collection, thereby making it unusable to users. Wu and Liu (2001) identified the aim of a modern university library as largely to provide access to both print and non-print collections and this makes it necessary to develop a balance between ownership and access to information or knowledge. This can be achieved by proper planning strategy including the planning for access control in line with the security requirement and the present and future mission or goals of the parent institutions. Ajegbomogun (2004) identified the types of security breaches in university libraries, which included theft and book mutilation and reasoned the cause to security lapses, insufficient or limited number of essential materials, and user’s financial constraints.

Ameen and Haider (2007) argued that access to collection is important as this service has supported scholarship in the humanities, sciences and social sciences and remains the key to intellectual freedom. Similarly, university libraries need to create an environment where primary resource materials are respected, handled carefully, and returned intact to the collection so that they might be studied again in the future. Therefore, materials that are not meant to be used by patrons should not be accessible to them. For example, the unprocessed materials should be kept in a secured area; public access to special and rare collections should be monitored and physically protected to prevent vandalism, theft and other security breaches (Rude and Hauptman 1993). Studies conducted by Ajegbomogun (2007), Bello (1998), and Holt (2007) identified rare books, manuscripts and special collections as frequent target of theft and mutilation because of the special demand for in depth studies of such materials. The above studies indicate that the processes that handle access to collection such as acquisition, technical processes, circulation, shelving and storage of items in libraries need to be considered from the security perspectives and assessed by a collection security measurement instrument.

Boss (1984) highlighted theft and arson as threats to collections and proposed that libraries formulate a planned security measure to protect their library materials. Tengio (2011) also identified physical weaknesses in libraries in terms of unsecured windows, faulty emergency exits, unstaffed computer rooms, poor policies and procedures, lack of security plans, poor security points (exits, loading areas, windows, special collections) inadequate loans and renewal periods, lack of security manuals and poor signage as some of the causes of security breaches.

Other studies focus on security breaches like purposive mis-shelving of items, especially reference books (Alao et al. 2007), disruptive behaviour as a result of drunkenness and drug addiction (Lorenzen 1996; Ardndt 1997; Momodu 2002; Ajegbomogun 2004), natural and man-made disaster (Evans et al. 1999; Shuman 1999; Aziagba and Edet 2008) and demand outstripping supply, which may give rise to delinquent behaviour such as stealing, mutilating or using another user’s borrowing tickets (Bello 1998). All of which may subsequently remain a serious threat to the security of the library and its collection.