CHAFYA

Components of bibliographic entry in a card catalog

By Adimu Nihuka Jr
A bibliographic entry is made up of elements which are taken from the item itself. Elements are grouped into the following areas: These includes;
Heading
Title and statement of responsibility
Edition statement
Material or types of publication.
Publication and distribution (imprint)
Physical description 
Series statement
Note areas
Standard number and term of availability
Tracing
Call number

The above elements are discussed below:-
Heading
The first word or phrase or mark that appear at the apex of the catalog entry. Its the one to determine the accessibility of an information package and it determine the filling entry. Because is used to access an information package then the name access point. Heading can be author surname, subject, title, series, etc

Title and statement of responsibility
Every document in an information unit is assumed to have a title. Title is simpler terms in the name of document. In this area it includes the title (title proper) of the document sometimes with the subtitle 9 title that qualifies the title proper) or parallel title (appears in author language).
To translate the title proper, example; Socialism= ujamaa.
For instance; the book entitled "Mathematics: question and answers", can be grouped into two titles namely title proper and subtitle. Thus; mathematics is a title proper where as question and answers is subtitle.
Also this area states the person or body responsible for the creation of the intellectual content. For example; Reference work/by Krishna Kumar

Edition statement
This area is included where the edition is more than the first edition. The first edition is optional. Edition statement is included where the items has been revised or updated. The edition statement can be word or number.
Example; Work like third edition, forth edition and numbers like 3rd edition or 4th edition and alike.

Material or type of publication
This area is optional when cataloging a book. It is mandatory for special types of materials such as CDs, slides, tapes, microforms, etc. It is stated as General Material Designation (GMD)

Publication and distribution area (imprint)
This is the areas where the place of the item has published, manufactured are mentioned, basically it includes the name of the city.
This areas include also the company responsible for publishing or manufacturing an item; normally the place and the company are separated by colon(:). It is in this area tat the date of publication is also included normally separated from the company by comma (,).

Physical description area
It includes the number of pages, illustrative materials, and size of an information size. Normally the preliminary pages are stated first in roman figures (i,ii,iii,), then the page of the text stated in arabic figures (1,2,3,).
If the document include any chart, picture, table, map, etc are stated collectively as illustrations. Also we include the size of the document measure its height stated in centimeter (cm), example; x,350p.:24cm

Series area
Some documents are published under a collective title, if that in this case it should be stated in an entry. Series may have the series title and series number. Series appear after the size preceded by ._ then a round bracket ( ). For example; ._ (computer;no 10) or ._ (computer series)

Note area
This is the area where the special features are indicated. Any special features worthy mentioning will be include. Some of the features that are included are:- Bibliography, index, glossary, list of case, appendix.
Bibliography appears in one sequence and it may look like; p.340- 345. Bibliographical features if the reference or features are scattered at different chapter.

Standard number and terms of availability
Each book is supplied with unique number, it is unique identifier to that document alone. Also its International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for book and international serial number (ISSN) for serial publications. Basically this is a ten digit numbers representing entry number, publisher number, and the number for the item itself. It is in this area where the price of document is stated down represented by Tsh, E2.3, dollars sign, and soon.

Tracing
This is the paragraph where subject heading and other added entries not given priority as access point in the main entry are stated.
Example;
1. Subject heading
2. Subject heading
I. Added entry
II. Added entry

Call number
This is a number assigned to a catalog entry by the use of classification scheme such as DDC scheme or LC scheme or Colon classification scheme. It is a link between an entry and physical item on the shelves. This number can be URL or address, etc.
Also call number is an artificial name of a document rather than the natural name.
Example; 020
                KUM

Methods of constructing classification scheme

By Adimu Nihuka Jr
For library students and others who learn library studies. In this decade there are unique methods of constructing classification scheme, these methods are discussed below:-

There are three broad methods, these are:-
1)Hierarchical scheme
2)Enumerative scheme
3)Facet scheme (Analytical synthetic)

Hierarchical scheme
This method follow the classical theory of categories by Aristotle, creating categories from general to specific. For instance; Case of DDC all items are arranged hierarchical. Example; DDC starts with 10 main classes, each class is divided into 100 divisions, each division is divided into 1000 sections, each section is further divided into ten thousands subdivisions and soon.

Enumerative scheme
Traditional library classification schemes it tends to list all subjects terms either simple or complex and their subdivisions and provide read mode symbols for them. Example; DDC is considered the most full enumerative.

Faceted scheme (analytico- synthesis)
Its a modern classification scheme. It do not attempt to list or enumerate compound subjects. Also facets are homogeneous group.
The scheme is called analytico- synthesis because it break down knowledge into single subject concept then combine them to represent total subject content of a document.
Foe instance;  the book entitled "Economic crisis in the European Union during the 20th century".
Also you can analyse the above subject heading using PMEST formulae as adopted by Ranganathan the classifier. The above can be analyzed by citation order by using PMEST as follow:-
Economic
Crisis
European Union
20th century

PMEST is abbreviation of;
p= Personality
M= Matter
E= Energy
S= Space
T= Time

Also formula above is adopted by the classier called Ranganathan which means:-
Personality stands for the subject of the documents
Matter stands for the aspect of the object
Energy stands for the process, operation, technique
Space stands for location
Time stands for period which action takes place

Note:
>The first digit in each three digits represents main class
Example 500 Underlined is a first digit
>The second digit in each three digits represents division
Example; 510 the underline digit is division
The third digit in each three digits represents the section.
>Example; 512 the underlined digit is section.

Development of the embryo and Fetus in woman's wob

By Adimu Nihuka Jr

During the pregnancy the woman takes three periods called trimester. These three trimesters will be discussed below:-

The First trimester

This will be at first three months after conception is the first trimester. By the end of second month, the embryo is recognizable as human and is called fetus. At the end of the first month, the embryo has heart beat, a two- lobbed brain and spinal cord.

After two months, the embryo has started to form arms and legs, fingers and toes, ears and the beginning of eyes and facial features.

At the end of third month, the major internal organs have been differentiated and have began to function.

The limbs have contained to develop and fetus can be visible identified as male or female. 

By the end of first trimester, the fetus is about four inches (10.16cm) long and weighs about one ounce (28g).

The second trimester

By the end of four months, finger nails and toe nails, and eye blows and eye lashes have developed. 

Teeth began to form, lips appears and head hairs might starts to grow. Movement of fetus can be felt by the mother.

During the fifth month, a fetal heart beats can be detected using a stereoscope.

During the fifth and sixth moths, growth is rapid. By the end of second trimester, the fetus begin to open its eyes. It is about 12 inches (30.48cm) long and weights approximately 1.5 pounds (0.68kg).

The third trimester

If a baby is born prematurely at the beginning of seventh month, it has 20 percent chance of surviving. Optimal development occurs at about 40 week's gestation.

A pre-term baby, or pre- mature baby, is a baby that is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy.

A baby born between 38 and 40 weeks of pregnancy is considered to be full- term. Full- term babies are usually 19 to 20 inches (48.26 cm to 53.34 cm) long and weights between six and nine pounds (2.7kg and 4.05kg) by the end of third trimester.

Ho to screen shoot using your computer

To day I would like to share with you on how computer can perform screen shoot task. Just follow the steps bellow:-

• Open your computer
• Select the page which you want to take screen shoot
• Press CTRL+ PRINT SCREEN button together
• Open MS word or where you want to paste it the paste it
• Already screen shooted
• Enjoy it!!!!!!

How to disable USB ports in your computer?

By Adimu Nihuka Jr.
This trick is very popularly for computer experts but its educative to those non- computer experts. If you want to disable USB ports in your computer for preventing unknown people to share or steal media and data from your computer just follow my step bellow.

• Click start in a screen window button in your computer.
• Then in a search bar type "regedit"
• OR 
• Click window button combination with the letter R in your computer keyboard. ie. wind + R
• In a search bar type "regedit"
• Then hint Enter
• After the registry window opens select/ navigate mouse pointer to HKEY- LOCAL- MACHINE\SYSTEM\Current Control Set\Services\USBSTOR
• In a right panel hit "start" then the pop-up window will opens so you ought to select at "Data value\Value Data box" 
• Change its value from 3 to 4 as well. Then hit OK
• Close regedit Editor and the refresh your computer
• Already done! 

TRY IT NOW

NB:
If you want to enable all USB ports just follow the steps above then when you reach at a Value data change it from 4 to 3 the click OK and close regedit editor.
Already done!
ENJOY IT

Don't forget to leave a comment below

Tuwe makini na msimu huu wa sikukuu wazazi

Msimu wa sikukuu hasa krismas na mwaka mpya upo njiani unakaribia hivyo wazazi tuwe makini sana, kwasababu tusijisahau kuwa januari kutakuwa na mambo mengi mapya ambayo yanahitaji fedha.

Pia kutakuwa na ulazima wa kulipia ada kwa watoto wetu, shughuli za mbolea na nyinginezo katika shamba, na mambo kadhaa. Hivyo nawapa tahadhari kuwa msisherehekee hizi sikukuu kwa mbwembwe yingi na mkasahau kuwa kuna maisha baada ya hizi sherehe. 

Pia nawatakia mema katika maandalizi ya hizo huduma za kijamii na kifamilia ila mkumbuke kuwa kuna maisha baada ya sikukuu kupita.

Watu tunaadaa mashamba na pembejeo zake hivyo zisitufanye tuwekeze fedha kwaajili ya sikukuu pekee.

MATUMIZI YA SHORTCUTS KWENYE COMPUTER ZETU

By Adimu Nihuka Jr

Hope wote tuko pouwa leo

Nimeona wengi leo wamezungumza kuhusu shortcuts katika matumizi hasa ya Computer zetu majumbani, Ofisini na sehemu zinginezo zinazotuingizia kipato

Basi leo nimeona nije na baadhi ya shortcuts ambazo zitakua msaada mkubwa kwetu sote

Najua watu wanajua ila napenda mjue zaidi

Kwanza nianze na hii hapa

INAITWA DFP TRICK

Ni trick wezeshi ya kusikia kile ambacho kimo ndani ya document yako badala ya kusoma document nzima hii itakupa summary ya kilichomo

But trick hii ni nzuri sana hasa kwa wale wanaotumia Acrobat 6.1 and 7.0

Acrobat kwa maana ya Adobe reader ki apps wezeshi katika doc ambayo iko katika mfumo wa adobe reader au acrobat reader kwa wengine huziita ivyo

Kuna Key wezeshi ya hii mambo ili iende vizuri

Hapa ndipo linapokuja neno hili hapa “Shortcuts”

Procedures za kweda nazo ni:-

Utakua una hold kwa pamoja hizi keys ili upate matokeo ya kinachokusudiwa

Ninaposema ku hold kila mtu anafahamu kama ni mtumiaji mzuri wa computer kwa maana una bonyeza kwa pamoja hizi keys ambazo nazileta kwenu hapa chini

1. Hold Ctrl Shift then click b ( Hapa utasikia maandishi ya document nzima)
2. Ctrl Shift then click v ( Hapa utasikia page 1 ambayo iko active au ile ambayo pointer ipo)
3. Ctrl Shift then click c ( Hapa utakua una resume from previous page ambayo ulikua unaisoma)
4. Ctrl Shift then click e (To stop)

Basi sio hizo tu but zipo short cuts ambazo unaweza tumia keyboard bila kugusa mouse kama wakali wengine hapa walivosema kina adam nihuka, duke na mzee cyrus wakali wa hizi mambo

Mimi nawaletea kwa mtiririko makini na safi zaidi

Pale kwenye kuongezea basi unafanya mambo wakuu

Twende sawa hapa sasa

Hii hutumika zaidi kwa wale wanaotumia OS or Windows 7, 8 plus Vista

Unafanyaje hapa

Twende sawa

Procedures

1. Bonyeza au Hold Alt + Shift and press Number Lock

Mchezo unakua kwisha habari hapo kila kitu unatambaa na keyboard as mouse hapo

Kuna hizi nambazi ambazo zitakuwa kama msaada kwako

Kucheza na Cursor au Kipanya kwa lugha yetu mama ya kiswazi

Number na functions zake

6- Kupeleka cursor kushoto

4- Kupeleka cursor Kulia

2- Kupeleka cursor Chini

8- Kupeleka Cursor Juu

Hizi namba si zile za juu pale 0-9 hapana hizi ni zile ambazo hupatikana pembeni mkono wako wa kulia wa keyboard yako ziko nyingi na sign nyinginezo pale juu

Hadi kufikia hapo unakua umemaliza zoezi zima la kucheza na keyboard kama mouse yako

Pia kwa wale wanaotumia dell mara nyingi huwa kuna suppertive cursor ambayo wengi huwa hawaioni

Ila leo napenda kuwaambia

Dell nyingi kwenye pads za keyboards pale huwa kuna

'Kanundu” flani hivi kametokeza kwenye keyboard japo sio zote

Kale sasa ndio huwa kama option endapo kama Mouse yako imestaki basi unakatumia hako kama kutumia short cuts utakua umeshindwa au huzijui

So wengi na mara nyingi kesi hizi zipo sana ( Hadi hapo hope utakua umefahamu vyema)

Sasa kuna short cut nying sana katika matumizi yetu ya computer

Hii usaidia sana pindi unapokua na haraka ya kufanya kazi flani bila kutumia Mouse kwenda na muda

Hapa naletazile za muhimu sana kuzijua hasa kwa wenzetu wanaopenda sana kutype kwa Ms word etc

So hii itakua nzuri na itasaidia sana kwenda speed kwenye baadhi ya mambo

Natirirka kama ifuatavyo wakuu

Ctrl+X=Cut,

Ctrl+V=Paste,

Ctrl+S=Save,

Ctrl+C=Copy,

Ctrl+B=Bold,

Ctrl+I=Italic,

Ctrl+E=Center,

Ctrl+P=Print,

Ctrl+Alt+Del=Task Manager,

Ctrl+Z=Undo,

Ctrl+Y=Redo,

Ctrl+F=Find,

Ctrl+A=Select All,

Ctrl+H=Find and Replace,

Ctrl+F3=Auto Text,

Ctrl+O=Open Window,

Ctrl+W=Close Window,

Ctrl+F4=Minimize,

Ctrl+L=Align Left,

Ctrl+R=Align Right,

Ctrl+J=Justify,

Ctrl+U=Underline,

Ctrl+N=New Document,

F5=Refresh,

F2=Formula,

F7=Spelling and Grammar,

F11=Style and Formatting,

Kuna hizi hapa wengi tunapenda kuziita Functions Keys hasa zinatumika sana wakati wa kupiga Window chini n.k

Hapa zika nyingi inategemeana na Aina ya Machine zenyewe

Kwa Dell ukitaka kuboot from either flash,Cd's au sehemu yeyote ile ambayo unataka uboot

Utatakiwa u press this key

F8-, F12 n.kinatumika ku boot from Cd's, Flash n.k

hapa ziko Functions key nyingi sana za kwenda kwenye BIOS na kadharika

So wakuu wengine mnaweza endelea hapa nilipoishia aiseee

Je, simu janja(smartphone) yako inapata sana moto(overheating)?. Nifuatilie ujue sababu zake

Na Adimu Nihuka Jr
Nimepokea malalamiko mengi sana toka kwa wasomaji wangu wa hii blog kuwa kwa nini baadhi ya simu hushika sana moto na sometimes hujizima na kujiwasha automatical. Leo basi nataka tusolve your problem which hinder you when using your machine ila ujue hapa naongelea simu janja(smartphone).

Sababu zinazopelekea simu yako kushika sana moto ni kama zifuatazo:-
1)Matumizi mengi kupita kiasi.
-Hii hupelekea simu kushika sana moto kwa sababu unapotumia sana simu huwa overheated hii kwa sababu mfumo endeshi wa kifaa chaku huzidiwa uwezo. Hapa unatakiwa usizidishe matumizi kupita kiasi na hii hupelekea simu kujizima na kujiwasha automatical.

2)Battery kuisha au kupita muda wake.
-Hii pia huchangia simu kushika moto(joto) pindi tu unapotumia katika matumizi yako ya kawaida. Hivyo ukiona dalili hizi ujue battery lako limepita muda wa matumizi na unashauriwa kununua lingine ili simu yako ifanye kazi kwa ufasaha.

3)Kutumia apps nyingi kwa wakati mmoja
-Unapotumia apps nyingi kwa wakati mmoja hupelekea mfumo endeshi(operating system) kuzidiwa uwezo na hufanya memory ya simu kutopumua pindi inajiendesha, sasa hapa kumbuka simu lazima itashika joto. Unapotumia simu na endapo message itaingia ungali whatsapp au facebook nakushauri uzime app moja utumiayo ndio huende kwenye app nyingine vinginevyo simu itpata sana joto mpaka utajishangaa.

4)Operating system(mfumo endeshikama vile Android au window) kuzidiwa uwezo.
-Hii huchangia kwa kiasi kikubwa simu yak kushika joto, kwasababu pindi unatumia simu yako yaani mfumo endeshi ndio unaosukuma matumizi yako sasa endapo utazidishia sana matumizi hupelekea simu yako yaani mfumo endeshi kushika joto kwa sababu huwa inazidiwa uwezo pia nakushauri uwe unaitumia simu yako kisha unaipa muda wa kupumzika ili ipoe. Hivi umewahi kufanya kazi masaa 24 bila kupumzika?

5)Kutumia simu ikiwa chaji
-Hii nayo hupelekea simu kushika moto kwa sababu pindi unachaji battery huwasiliana na mfumo endeshi kwa kushirikiana na memory ambayo inahusika na uhifadhi wa chaji pamoja na mfumo mzima wa chaji yaan charging system. Sasa unapotumia simu pindi ipo chaji hupelekea hiyo mifumo kushindwa kufanya kazi kwa ufasaha kwa sababu pindi chaji inainigia katika uhifadhi nawe unaitoa kwa kuitumia hii hupelekea nguvu za battery kushindwa kufanya kazi kwa ufanisi na hitimaye simu hupata sana joto.

NB: Zifuatazo hapo juu ni baadhi tu ambazo hupelekea simu yako kupata joto.

Pia unaruhusiwa kuuliza maswali yoyote yanayohusiana na matumizi ya simu janja au computer ba utasaidiwa kwa kukuandalia mada mubashara. Endelea kuwa nasi katika blog hii ujifunze zaidi.

KWANINI BAADHI YA WANAWAKE HUKOMA HEDHI KABLA YA UMRI?

Na Adimu Nihuka Jr.

Ingawa kuna wanaowahi au kuchelewa kidogo, kwa kawaida wasichana huanza kuona damu ya hedhi kwa mara ya kwanza wanapofikia umri kati ya miaka 12 na 16. Hali hii ni muhimu katika maisha na makuzi ya msichana, hujulikana kama kuvunja ungo.

Msichana anapovunja ungo, anatazamiwa kuendelea kupata damu ya hedhi kila mwezi hadi anapofikia kipindi cha kukoma hedhi. Katika sehemu mbalimbali duniani, wanawake wengi hufikia kipindi cha kukoma hedhi wakiwa na umri kati ya miaka 45 na 55, lakini wapo wachche wanaofikia kipindi hicho wakiwa na miaka 60 au zaidi.

Utafiti uliofanywa na Rosemary Mrina mwaka 2009 mkoani Singida ulibainisha kuwa wanawake wengi hapa nchini hufikia kipindi cha komahedhi wakiwa na wastani wa miaka 47. Komahedhi ni hali ya kawaida ya utendaji wa mwili wa mwanamke inayotekea mwanamke anapopoteza uwezo wa kuzaa kutokana na kuwa na umri mkubwa.

Dalili ya kwanza inayoonyesha kuwa mwanamke amefikia komahedhi ni kutokuona damu ya hedhi kila mwezi kwa zaidi ya miezi 12 mfulululizo. Mwanamke anapofikia hali hii hawezi kupata damu ya hedhi. Katika hali ya kawaida siyo rahisi msichana mwenye afya njema kukoma hedhi katika kipindi cha ujana. Lakini jambo la kushangaza ni kwamba, baadhi ya wasichana huingia mapema katika kipindi cha komahedhi wakiwa na umri kati ya miaka 13 na 19 na wanawake wengine huingia kipindi hicho wakiwa na umri chini ya miaka 40.

MATATIZO YA KOMAHEDHI.

Katika ulimwengu wa leo ambao unasisitiza wasichana kupata elimu darasani hadi kufikia chuo kikuu, kuna uwezekano mkubwa kwa baadhi ya wasichana na wanawake wanotumia muda mwingi kutafuta elimu, kujikuta wanakoma kupata hedhi katika kipindi cha kuhangaika kupata elimu. Hali ya komahedhi ya mapema huwanyima baadhi ya wasichana na wanawake fursa ya kupata watoto na kufurahia maisha ya ndoa zao.

Halikadhalika, wasichana na wanawake wengi wanaopata hali hii wanakabiliwa na athari hasa za kisaikolojia na wakati mwinginw huangukia katika imani za kishirikina kwa kuhisi kuwa wamerogwa. Mbali na dalili za kutokuna damu ya mwezi, msichana pia anaweza kutokwa na jasho mara kwa mara wakati wa usiku, kukosa usingizi na kukojoa mara kwa mara.

Pia kupungua kwa hamu ya tendo la kujamiiana, kupungua kwa majimaji yanayolainisha uke wakati wa tendo la kujamiiana, ukavu wa ngozi na kukasirika bila sababu za msingi. Mambo haya huongeza hali ya msongo wa kumnyima msichana furaha na raha.

Watafiti wengi wa masuala ya afya ya uzazi wanabainisha kuwa kutokana na sababu mbalimbali, akti ya asilimia moja hadi 4% ya wanawake walioko katika umri wa kuzaa hukabiliwa na tataizo hili la komahedhi ya mapema. Huko nchini marekani 4% ya wanawake hupata hali hii.

Pia utafiti uliofanya na taasisi ya mabadiliko ya kijamii na kiuchumi (ISEC) iliyoko Bangalore, India nao wamebaini kuwa, wastani wa 8% ya wanawake wenye umri kati ya miaka 35 na 39 wanapata komahedhi ya mapema kuliko walivyotarajia.

Tatizo hili linaweza kusababishwa na magonjwa ya kuambukiza na yasiyoambukiza, tiba ya upasuaji ya kuondoa mfumo wa kizazi, tezi za mayai, matibabu ya kutumia miozi yz jua, dawa za kutibu saratani, athari ya baadhi ya kemikali au urithi wa vinasaba vyenye mwelekeo wa tatizo hili.

KINACHOSABABISHA KOMAHEDHI

Takwimu zinaonyesha kuwa kati ya 10% na 20% ya wasichana na wanawake wote wanaopata tatizo hili, ni wale ambao katika familia zao kuna historia ya kutokea kwa komahedhi ya mapema. Utafiti wa hivi karibuni uliofanywa na wanasayansi chuo kikuu cha California San Frncisco (UCSF) cha Marekani na kuchapishwa mwaka 2013 katika jarida la Cancer, ulibainisha kuwa uhusiano wa karibu akti ya urithi na vinasaba ya BRCA na kutokea kwa komahedhi ya mapema.

“Matokeo ya utafiti wetu yanaonyesha kuwa mabadiliko yaliyotokea katika vinasaba hivi yana uhusiano wa kutokea kwa mapema hali ya komahedhi, hali ambayo inaweza kusababisha ongezeko la hali ya ugumba”, anasema Dr Mitchell Rosen, Profesa wa sayansi ya uzazi na magonjwa ya wanawake, Chuo kikuu cha California San Francisco.

Mambo mengine yanayochangia kutokea kwa komahedhi ya mapema ni tezi ya mayai kushindwa kutengeneza mayai na kuzalisha vichocheo vinavyodumisha hali ya jinsia ya kike, lishe duni, matumizi holela ya dawa kama vile Tamoxifen, uvutaji mkubwa wa sigara, magonjwa ya tezi za shingo pamojana na kisukari. Vyanzo vingine ni uambukizo wa virus vya mafindofindo, ugonjwa wa kifua kikuu pamoja na msongo wa mawazo wa muda mrefu.

Wasichana wanaofanya mazoezi mazito ya kukimbia pia wanaweza kupata hali hii. Kuhusuvyanzo vya tatizo hili Dk Marjorie Dixon, bingwa wa tiba za uwezeshaji wanawake wagumba kupata watoto katika kituo cha sayansi za afya cha Sunnybrook kilichopo jijini Toronto nchini Canada anasema:- Mara nyingi sababu hazieleweki ila baadhi ya tafiti zinaonyesha kuwa kutokana na kupungua kwa vichocheo vya jinsi mwili hasa Estogeni.

WENYE TATIZO WAFANYE NINI?

Msichana anayepata komahedhi ya mapema, anashauriwa kuonana na mtaalamu wa magonjwa ya wanawake haraka ili kufanyiwa tiba pamoja na uchunguzi wa kina ikiwa ni pamoja na kuchunguza afya yake kuhusu uwezekano wa kuwa na tatizo la kisukari au maradhi ya tezishingo. Ili kupunguza athari mabay za hali hii inashuriwa kuboresha hali ya lishe kwa kutumia vyakula vyenye vitamin na madini kwa wingi.

Matumizi ya maharage ya soya au mazao yake pia yanasaidia kwa vile yana dawalishe aina ya Phytoestrogens kwa wingi ambayo yanasaidia kudumisha afya ya jinsi kwa wanawake wa rika zote. Mazoezi mepesi kila siku pia yanaaidia kupunguza athari mbaya ya tatizo hili kwa wasichana na wanawake kwa ujumla.

Chanzo: Gazeti la Mwananchi la tarehe 21/11/2015. 

HOW TO FIND A BOOK ON SHELVES

SUBJECTS ARE REPRESENTED BY NUMERICAL NOTATIONS

TO LOCATE YOUR BOOK

Ø  Pick your subject heading and the relevant notation

Ø  Then go to shelves where you will find a book in the number sequence

SUBJECT HEADING

NUMERICAL NOTATION

ACCOUNTANCY                                                                        657

AFRICAN HISTORY                                                                   960

AFRICAN LANGUAGE                                                              496

AFRICAN LITERATURE                                                            896

AGRICULTURE                                                                           630

ALGEBRA                                                                                    512

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY                                                             636

BUSINESS                                                                                    650

CARPENTRY                                                                               694

CHEMISTRY                                                                                540

COMMERCE                                                                                380

COMPUTERS                                                                               004

EDUCATION                                                                                370

ENGLISH LANGUAGE                                                               420

ENGLISH LITERATURE                                                            820

GAMES/HOBBIES                                                                       790

GEOGRAPHY                                                                               910

GEOMETRY                                                                                 516

LIBRARY SCIENCE                                                                     020

LITERATURE                                                                                800

MANAGEMENT                                                                            658

MASONRY                                                                                  693

MATHEMATICS                                                                            510

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING                                                   621.2

MEDICAL SCIENCES                                                                    610

METAL WORKS/WELDING                                                         670

PSYCHOLOGY                                                                               100

POLITICAL SCIENCE/CIVICS                                                     320

RELIGION                                                                                       200

RESEARCH                                                                                     001.42

SOCIAL BEHAVIOR                                                                   305

SOCIAL WELFARE                                                                        362

TAILORING/SEWING                                                                    646

WATER SUPPLY                                                                            363

WELLS                                                                                             628

WORLD HISTORY                                                                          909

TUJIFUNZE KIUNDANI KUHUSU MAKTABA

Hapa tutajifunza vifuatavyo:-

Ø  Maktaba ni nini?

Ø  Historia ya Maktaba

Ø  Aina za Maktaba

Ø  Namna ya kutumia Maktaba

Ø  Faida za Maktaba

Maktaba ni nini?

Maktaba ni chumba au nyumba ambamo:-

Ø  Vinahifadhiwa vitabu, majarida, magazeti, kompyuts, n.k.

Ø  Vifaa vyote vimehifadhiwa katika mpangilio maalum ili msomaji apate mahitaji yake kwa urahisi.

Ø  Chini ya uangalizi na mtu mwenye utaalamu katika fani ya ukutubi.

Historia ya Maktaba

Maktaba zilikuwepo toka zama za kale- binadamu walipoanza kuandika miaka 5,500 iliyopita.

Watu wa kwanza kabisa walikuwa:-

Sumerians (Mesopotamia): Iraq, Syria na Uturuki. Hawa walitumia vitabu vilivyotengenezwa kwa udongo (Clay tablets), vibao viliandikwa vibichi na kukaushwa.

Wamisri (Egyptians): Wao walitumia papyrus (mafunjo) aina ya mkeka uliotengenezwa kwa kupondaponda nyasi za mto Nile. Baadaye walitumia ngozi ya wanyama hasa ndama na kondoo(Velium na Parchment)

Wachina walikuwa wakwanza kugundua karatasi mwaka 105 A.D Maandishi yake haya yaliyohifadhiwa pamoja katika maktaba. Waliotumia maktaba hizo ni ukoo wa wafalme na viongozi wa dini.

AINA ZA MAKTABA

Kuna aina mbalimbali za maktaba lakini humu nazungumzia aina mbili tu za maktaba, nazo ni:-

·       Maktaba za shule na vyuo.

Maktaba hizi hukusanya na kuhifadhi maandishi na taarifa mbalimbali kwaajili ya; kujenga tabia ya kujisomea miongoni mwa wanafunzi, kuwaelimisha wanafunzi katika masomo ya fani mbalimbali, kumsaidia mwanafunzi kuandika mazoezi na insha, kuhifadhi mahitaji ya walimu na wanafunzi katika masomo.

·       Maktaba za Umma

Maktaba hizi zinahudumia watu wote bila kubaguliwa. Lengo la maktaba hizi ni; kuhabarisha(current affairs), kuelimisha- vitabu vya masomo mbalimbali ns kuburudisha- hadithi na kichezo.

NAMNA YA KUTUMIA MAKTABA

Masomo yote yamepangwa katika mafungu 10, kila fungu limepangwa namba kuanzia 000 mpaka 999 kama ifuatavyo:-

·       000           Mseto wa masomo kama vile kamusi, Encyclopedia, n.k.

·       100           Falsafa na Saikolojia

·       200           Dini

·       300           Elimu ya Jamii

·       400           Lugha

·       500           Sayansi

·       600           Teknolojia (Ufundi wa aina mbalimbali)

·       700           Sanaa (Michezo, maigizo, miziki)

·       800           Fasihi

·       900           Historia na Jiografia

Vitabu vyote vimepangwa kufuata masomo. Hivyo vitabu vya somo moja vitakaa pamoja vikiwa na namba zilizofanana. Mfano 200- Dini;

Vitabu vitakaa pamoja katika mpangilio wa 000- 999.

Ili kupata vitabu:-

·       Msomaji aangalie namba ya somo kwenye rafu za vitabu. Hapo pia kuna lebo zinazoonyesha jina la somo.

·       Msomaji atakipata kitabu kama kipo maktaba kwa kuwa vitabu vyote vimepangwa kuendanan na somo husika.

FAIDA ZA MAKTABA

• ·       Maktaba zinasaidia wanafunzi kujenga tabia ya kusoma toka utotoni hadi maisha yao yote, hivyo kuwafanya waendane na wakati.
• ·       Maktaba zinasaidia kutoa mwanga zaidi katika masomo anayofundishwa mwanafunzi daradsani kwa kupata maoni ya waandishi mbalimbali kuhusu somo hilo.
• ·       Maktaba huwasiadia walimu katika maandalizi ya masomo ya kufundisha darasani na mambo mengine yanayohusu uendeshaji wa shule.
• ·       Maktaba huwasaidia watu wa aina au kazi mbalimbali, kujkiendeleza kwa kusoma vitabu kuhusu fani zao. Mfano:- Mkulima au wakulima hujifunz kilimo bora ili kuongeza mazao shambani; wafanyakazi husoma ili kupanda ngazi katika sehemu zao za kazi; wafanyabiashara nao husoma ili kupata mbinu mpya za kuendeleza biashara zao; wasio na kazi wanaweza kupata taarifa za ajira katika maktaba kwa kusoma magazeti, n.k.

TUJIFUNZE KIUNDANI KUHUSU MAKTABA

Hapa tutajifunza vifuatavyo:-

Ø  Maktaba ni nini?

Ø  Historia ya Maktaba

Ø  Aina za Maktaba

Ø  Namna ya kutumia Maktaba

Ø  Faida za Maktaba

Maktaba ni nini?

Maktaba ni chumba au nyumba ambamo:-

Ø  Vinahifadhiwa vitabu, majarida, magazeti, kompyuts, n.k.

Ø  Vifaa vyote vimehifadhiwa katika mpangilio maalum ili msomaji apate mahitaji yake kwa urahisi.

Ø  Chini ya uangalizi na mtu mwenye utaalamu katika fani ya ukutubi.

Historia ya Maktaba

Maktaba zilikuwepo toka zama za kale- binadamu walipoanza kuandika miaka 5,500 iliyopita.

Watu wa kwanza kabisa walikuwa:-

Sumerians (Mesopotamia): Iraq, Syria na Uturuki. Hawa walitumia vitabu vilivyotengenezwa kwa udongo (Clay tablets), vibao viliandikwa vibichi na kukaushwa.

Wamisri (Egyptians): Wao walitumia papyrus (mafunjo) aina ya mkeka uliotengenezwa kwa kupondaponda nyasi za mto Nile. Baadaye walitumia ngozi ya wanyama hasa ndama na kondoo(Velium na Parchment)

Wachina walikuwa wakwanza kugundua karatasi mwaka 105 A.D Maandishi yake haya yaliyohifadhiwa pamoja katika maktaba. Waliotumia maktaba hizo ni ukoo wa wafalme na viongozi wa dini.

AINA ZA MAKTABA

Kuna aina mbalimbali za maktaba lakini humu nazungumzia aina mbili tu za maktaba, nazo ni:-

·       Maktaba za shule na vyuo.

Maktaba hizi hukusanya na kuhifadhi maandishi na taarifa mbalimbali kwaajili ya; kujenga tabia ya kujisomea miongoni mwa wanafunzi, kuwaelimisha wanafunzi katika masomo ya fani mbalimbali, kumsaidia mwanafunzi kuandika mazoezi na insha, kuhifadhi mahitaji ya walimu na wanafunzi katika masomo.

·       Maktaba za Umma

Maktaba hizi zinahudumia watu wote bila kubaguliwa. Lengo la maktaba hizi ni; kuhabarisha(current affairs), kuelimisha- vitabu vya masomo mbalimbali ns kuburudisha- hadithi na kichezo.

NAMNA YA KUTUMIA MAKTABA

Masomo yote yamepangwa katika mafungu 10, kila fungu limepangwa namba kuanzia 000 mpaka 999 kama ifuatavyo:-

·       000           Mseto wa masomo kama vile kamusi, Encyclopedia, n.k.

·       100           Falsafa na Saikolojia

·       200           Dini

·       300           Elimu ya Jamii

·       400           Lugha

·       500           Sayansi

·       600           Teknolojia (Ufundi wa aina mbalimbali)

·       700           Sanaa (Michezo, maigizo, miziki)

·       800           Fasihi

·       900           Historia na Jiografia

Vitabu vyote vimepangwa kufuata masomo. Hivyo vitabu vya somo moja vitakaa pamoja vikiwa na namba zilizofanana. Mfano 200- Dini;

Vitabu vitakaa pamoja katika mpangilio wa 000- 999.

Ili kupata vitabu:-

·       Msomaji aangalie namba ya somo kwenye rafu za vitabu. Hapo pia kuna lebo zinazoonyesha jina la somo.

·       Msomaji atakipata kitabu kama kipo maktaba kwa kuwa vitabu vyote vimepangwa kuendanan na somo husika.

FAIDA ZA MAKTABA

• ·       Maktaba zinasaidia wanafunzi kujenga tabia ya kusoma toka utotoni hadi maisha yao yote, hivyo kuwafanya waendane na wakati.
• ·       Maktaba zinasaidia kutoa mwanga zaidi katika masomo anayofundishwa mwanafunzi daradsani kwa kupata maoni ya waandishi mbalimbali kuhusu somo hilo.
• ·       Maktaba huwasiadia walimu katika maandalizi ya masomo ya kufundisha darasani na mambo mengine yanayohusu uendeshaji wa shule.
• ·       Maktaba huwasaidia watu wa aina au kazi mbalimbali, kujkiendeleza kwa kusoma vitabu kuhusu fani zao. Mfano:- Mkulima au wakulima hujifunz kilimo bora ili kuongeza mazao shambani; wafanyakazi husoma ili kupanda ngazi katika sehemu zao za kazi; wafanyabiashara nao husoma ili kupata mbinu mpya za kuendeleza biashara zao; wasio na kazi wanaweza kupata taarifa za ajira katika maktaba kwa kusoma magazeti, n.k.